Indonesia (ⁱ /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's eighteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and fifteenth largest by purchasing power parity.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change. The current nation of Indonesia is a unitary presidential republic consisting of thirty three provinces.
Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest—and the politically dominant—ethnic group. Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism including rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread in contemporary Indonesia.^[6]

Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Government and politics 4 Foreign relations and military 5 Administrative divisions 6 Geography 7 Biota and environment 8 Economy 9 Demographics 10 Culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

Etymology

The name Indonesia derives from the Latin Indus, and the Greek nesos, meaning "island".^[7] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.^[8] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".^[9] In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.^[10] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and even Insulinde.^[11]
From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.^[12] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.^[8]

History

Main article: History of Indonesia

Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the first century CE.^[13]

Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.^[14] Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions.^[15] Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BCE,^[16] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian kingdoms and China, which were established several centuries BCE.^[17] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.^[18]

The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.

From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.^[19] Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia.^[20]
Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra.^[21] Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.^[22] The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku.^[23] Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.^[24]
For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.^[25] Japanese occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule,^[26] and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.^[27] Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.^[28] The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence^[29] (with the exception of the Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962 New York Agreement, and the UN-mandated Act of Free Choice of 1969).^[30]

Sukarno, Indonesia's founding president

Sukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the military and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).^[31] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.^[32] Between 500,000 and one million people were killed.^[33] The head of the military, General Suharto, out-maneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration^[34] was supported by the US government,^[35] and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.^[36] However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political opposition.
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the late 1990s Asian Financial Crisis.^[37] This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protest across the country. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.^[38] In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of repression of the East Timorese.^[39] Since Suharto's resignation, a strengthening of democratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism slowed progress, however, in the last five years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence has occurred.^[40] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.^[41]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Indonesia

Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia^[42] have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches.^[43] The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president.^[44] The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.^[45]

A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta

The highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.^[46] The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (DPR), with 560 members, and the Regional Representative Council (DPD), with 132 members.^[47] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional representation.^[43] Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.^[48] The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.^[49]
Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; appeals are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final cassation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.^[50]

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Indonesia and Indonesian National Armed Forces

In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations.^[51] Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.^[47] The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.^[50] Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,^[52] and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC).^[47] Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the WTO, and has historically been a member of OPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.^[47]
The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda.^[53] The deadliest killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.^[54] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.^[55]
Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI–AU).^[56] The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.^[57] One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.^[58]
Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.^[59] Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.^[60] In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.^[61]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Provinces of Indonesia and Administrative divisions of Indonesia

Provinces of Indonesia

Administratively, Indonesia consists of 33 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own political legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into subdistricts (kecamatan), and again into village groupings (either desa or kelurahan). Furthermore, a village is divided into several citizen-groups (Rukun-Warga (RW)) which are further divided into several neighbourhood-groups (Rukun-Tetangga (RT)). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected lurah or kepala desa (village chief).
The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of Sharia (Islamic law).^[62] Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution.^[63] Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, now West Papua, was granted special autonomy status in 2001.^[64] Jakarta is the country's special capital region.
Indonesian provinces and their capitals – listed by region
(Indonesian name in parentheses if different from English)
† indicates provinces with Special Status

Sumatra Aceh† – Banda Aceh North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) – Medan West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) – Padang Riau – Pekanbaru Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau) – Tanjung Pinang Jambi – Jambi (city) South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) – Palembang Bangka-Belitung (Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung) – Pangkal Pinang Bengkulu – Bengkulu (city) Lampung – Bandar Lampung Java Jakarta† – Jakarta Banten – Serang West Java (Jawa Barat) – Bandung Central Java (Jawa Tengah) – Semarang Yogyakarta Special Region† (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) – Yogyakarta (city) East Java (Jawa Timur) – Surabaya Lesser Sunda Islands Bali – Denpasar West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) – Mataram East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur) – Kupang

Kalimantan West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat) – Pontianak Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah) – Palangkaraya South Kalimantan (Kalimantan Selatan) – Banjarmasin East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) – Samarinda Sulawesi North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) – Manado Gorontalo – Gorontalo (city) Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) – Palu West Sulawesi (Sulawesi Barat) – Mamuju South Sulawesi (Sulawesi Selatan) – Makassar South East Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara) – Kendari Maluku Islands Maluku – Ambon North Maluku (Maluku Utara) – Sofifi Western New Guinea West Papua† (Papua Barat) – Manokwari Papua† – Jayapura

Geography

Main article: Geography of Indonesia

Map of Indonesia

Indonesia lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N, and longitudes 95°E and 141°E. It consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.^[65] These are scattered over both sides of the equator. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to the north, and with Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.^[66]
At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area.^[67] Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,^[68] although Java, the world's most populous island,^[69] has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.^[70]

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.

Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes,^[71] including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,^[72] and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.^[73]
Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C (79–86 °F).^[74]

Biota and environment

Main articles: Fauna of Indonesia, Flora of Indonesia, and Environment of Indonesia

The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a great ape endemic to Indonesia.

Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil),^[75] and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.^[76] Once linked to the Asian mainland, the islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country.^[77] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna.^[78] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.^[79]
Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.^[80] Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.^[7] The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.^[81] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.^[82] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.^[81]
Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.^[83] Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.^[83] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.^[84] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the Sumatran Orangutan.^[85]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Indonesia and Science and technology in Indonesia

Female workers harvesting tea leaves in West Java. Agriculture has been the country's largest employer for centuries.

At 13 July 2010, Japan Credit Rating Agency has upgraded Indonesia's investment grade from BB+ to BBB (Investment Grade - proper to invest).^[86] And it seems will be followed by Fitch Rating to give Investment Grade to Indonesia due to it already rates one notch below investment grade.^[87] At January 17, 2011 Moody's rating gave Indonesia Ba1 (one notch below Investment Grade) with a stable outlook.^[88] As at end of December 2010, Bank Indonesia Rate is still (same of several months) 6,50 percent, whereas Consumer Price Index Inflation is 6.96 percent (yearly) and Reserve Assets are $96,207 million.^[89] In 2010, investment rose by 54 percent to US$22.95 billion with FDI portion by 71 percent or increase by 52 percent. Foreign investments went primarily to transportation, storage and telecommunications projects by 31.1 percent and followed by mining projects by 13.8 percent. Foreign investments mainly came from Singapore by 30.9 percent.^[90] Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play significant roles.^[91] It is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G-20 major economies.^[92] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (nominal), purchasing power parity aside for 2008 was US$539.7 billion with estimated nominal per capita GDP was US$2,329, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,157 (international dollars).^[93] The services sector is the economy's largest and accounts for 45.3% of GDP (2005). This is followed by industry (40.7%) and agriculture (14.0%).^[94] However, agriculture employs more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.3% of the 95 million-strong workforce. This is followed by the services sector (36.9%) and industry (18.8%).^[95] Major industries include petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, and mining. Major agricultural products include palm oil, rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber.
Indonesia's main export markets (2005) are Japan (22.3%), the United States (13.9%), China (9.1%), and Singapore (8.9%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Japan (18.0%), China (16.1%), and Singapore (12.8%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs.^[96]

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial center

In the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger.^[97] Following President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration brought a degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilized the currency, rescheduled foreign debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment.^[98] (See Berkeley Mafia). Indonesia was until recently Southeast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates.^[99] Following further reforms in the late 1980s,^[100] foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.^[101]
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian financial crisis of 1997–98. Against the US dollar, the rupiah dropped from about Rp. 2,600 to a low point of 14,000, and the economy shrank by 13.7%.^[102] The Rupiah has since stabilised in the Rp. 8,000 to 10,000 range,^[103] and a slow but significant economic recovery has ensued. However, political instability, slow economic reform, and corruption at all levels of government and business, have slowed the recovery.^[6][104] Transparency International ranked Indonesia 143rd out of 180 countries in its 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index.^[105] The rank rose to 111st out of 180 in 2009^[106] GDP growth, however, exceeded 5% in both 2004 and 2005, and is forecast to increase further.^[107] This growth rate, however, was not enough to make a significant impact on unemployment,^[108] and stagnant wages growth and increases in fuel and rice prices have worsened poverty levels. As of 2006, an estimated 17.8% of the population was living below the poverty line, defined by the Indonesian government as purchasing power parity of US$1.55 per day (household income). According to the 2006 estimates, nearly half of the population was living on less than US$2 per day.^[109] However, the national economy has grown strongly again since 2007 with an average 6%,^[110] and it has helped the unemployment rate decline to 8.46% in 2008,^[111] and in comparison to its neighbours, Indonesia has been less affected by the 2008 global recession.^[112]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Indonesia, Languages of Indonesia, and Religion in Indonesia

Balinese children. There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia.

The population of Indonesia according to the 2010 national census is 237.6 million,^[3] with 58% living on the island of Java,^[3] the world's most populous island.^[113] Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1960s, the population is expected to grow to around 254 million by 2020 and 288 million by 2050.^[114]
Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking peoples whose languages can be traced to Proto Austronesian (PAn), which possibly originated in Taiwan. Another major grouping are Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.^[115] There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.^[116] The largest ethnic group is the Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.^[117] The Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.^[118] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.^[119] Society is largely harmonious, although social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.^[120] Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnic minority comprising 3-4% of the population.^[121] Much of the country's privately owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled,^[122] which has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.^[123]

The Istiqlal Mosque in Central Jakarta. Indonesia has the world's largest population of Muslims

The official national language, Indonesian, is universally taught in schools, and consequently is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia. It was constructed from a lingua franca that was in wide use throughout the region, and is thus closely related to Malay which is an official language in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. Indonesian was first promoted by nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the official language on the proclamation of independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of the several hundred local languages and dialects, often as their first language. Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken as the language of the largest ethnic group.^[96] On the other hand, Papua has over 270 indigenous Papuan and Austronesian languages,^[124] in a region of about 2.7 million people. A significant fraction of the people who attended school before independence can speak Dutch to some extent.^[125]
Although religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,^{[126][dead link]} the government officially recognizes only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.^[127] Although it is not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, with 86.1% of Indonesians were Muslim according to the 2000 census.^[96] 9% of the population was Christian, 3% Hindu, and 2% Buddhist or other. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese,^[128] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese.^[129] Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominant religion by the 16th century.^[130] Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,^[131] and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.^[132] A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practice a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.^[133]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Indonesia

Wayang Kulit (shadow puppet) in Wayang Purwa type, depicting five Pandava, from left to right: Bhima, Arjuna, Yudhishtira, Nakula, and Sahadeva, Indonesia Museum, Jakarta.

Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant.
Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.^[134] The most popular sports are badminton and football. Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men's badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the country's premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art.

A selection of Indonesian food, including roasted fish, nasi timbel (rice wrapped in banana leaf), sambal, fried tempeh and tofu, and sayur asem.

Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.^[135] Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.^[136] Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. Dangdut is a popular contemporary genre of pop music that draws influence from Arabic, Indian, and Malay folk music. The Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,^[137] although it declined significantly in the early 1990s.^[138] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.^[137]
The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century CE. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;^[139] and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.^[140] Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.^[141]
Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.^[142] The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008,^[143] Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009.^[144]
More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27 percent of them are local brands.^[145]
The Garuda Pancasila is the coat of arms of Indonesia. The main part of the coat of arms is the Garuda with a heraldic shield on its chest and a scroll gripped by its leg. The shield's five emblems represent Pancasila, the five principles of Indonesia's national philosophy. The Garuda claws gripping a white ribbon scroll inscribed with the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika written in black text, which can be loosely translated as "Unity in Diversity". Garuda Pancasila was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak, supervised by Sukarno, and was adopted as national coat of arms on 11 February 1950.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Scroll and Motto 3 Symbolism 3.1 Garuda 3.2 Shield 3.3 Emblems 3.3.1 The Star 3.3.2 The Chain 3.3.3 The Tree 3.3.4 The Bull 3.3.5 Rice and Cotton 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes

[edit] History

Statue of King Airlangga depicted as Vishnu mounting Garuda.

Garuda, the vehicle (vahana) of Vishnu appears in many temples of ancient Indonesia. Temples such as Prambanan, Penataran, Belahan, and Sukuh depict the images (bas-relief or statue) of Garuda. In Prambanan temple complex there is a single temple located in front of Vishnu temple, dedicated to Garuda. However there is no statue of Garuda inside the chamber today. In the Shiva temple, also in Prambanan complex, there is a relief telling an episode of Ramayana about Garuda's nephew whom also belongs to the bird-god race, Jatayu, tried to rescue Sita from Ravana's hand. The deified statue of King Airlangga depicted as Vishnu mounting Garuda from Belahan, probably the most famous statue of Garuda from ancient Java. Now the statue is one of the important collection of Trowulan Museum.
Garuda appear in many traditions and stories, especially in Java and Bali. In many stories Garuda symbolizes the virtue of knowledge, power, bravery, loyalty, and discipline. As the vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda also bears the attributes of Vishnu, which symbolize preservation of cosmic order. Balinese tradition venerated Garuda as "the lord of all flying creatures", and "the majestic king of birds". In Bali, Garuda traditionally portrayed as a divine creature with head, beak, wings, and claw of an eagle, while has the body of a human. Usually portrayed in intricate carving with golden and vivid colors, as the vehicle of Vishnu or in battle scene against Naga (dragon) serpents. The important and noble position of Garuda in Indonesian tradition since ancient times has venerated Garuda as the national symbol of Indonesia, the embodiment of Indonesian ideology, Pancasila. Garuda also chosen as the name of Indonesian national airlines, Garuda Indonesia. Next to Indonesia, Thailand also uses the Garuda as its national symbol.
After the Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1949, followed by the acknowledgement of the independence Indonesia from The Netherlands in 1949, there is a need to create a national coat of arms of United States of Indonesia. In 10 January 1950 the Commitee of State Seal was formed, under coordination of Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak as the State Minister Zonder Porto Folio, with Muhammad Yamin as the chairman, and Ki Hajar Dewantoro, M A Pellaupessy, Moh Natsir, and RM Ng Purbatjaraka as commitee members. The commitee task is to select the proposals of United States of Indonesia coat of arms to be presented to the government.

The initial design of Garuda Pancasila by Sultan Hamid II still featuring anthropomorphic Garuda.

The Garuda Pancasila adopted on 11 February 1950, still without crest and with different position of talons.

According to Mohammad Hatta in his memoire "Bung Hatta Menjawab" to fulfill the mandate of the Cabinet, Minister Priyono had launched the design competition. After the competition was held, there was two proposed designs selected as the finalist; one is the work of Sultan Hamid II and the other one is the work of Muhammad Yamin. In further process the design proposed by Sultan Hamid II was accepted by both People's Consultative Assembly (DPR) and the Government, while the M. Yamin's design was rejected because featuring shining sun emblem that deemed clearly demonstrate the influence of Japanese Empire. Sukarno as The President of United States of Indonesia together with Mohammad Hatta as the Prime Minister, asked Sultan Hamid II to change the red and white ribbon being hold by Garuda talons to white scroll bearing the national motto "Bhineka Tunggal Ika". In 8 February 1950 the design created by Sultan Hamid II was presented to President Sukarno. The design featuring Garuda in its anthropomorphic form, similar to traditional depiction of Garuda in ancient Javanese, Balinese and Siamese art. However Masyumi Islamic party expressed their objection and stated that the bird with human neck and shoulders with both hands holding Pancasila shield was too mythical.^[1]
Sultan Hamid II edited his design and proposed the new version, this time discarding the anthropomorphic form, the eagle-like Garuda was done in stylized naturalistic style and named Rajawali (eagle) Garuda Pancasila. President Sukarno presented this design to the cabinet and Prime Minister Hatta. According to AG Pringgodigdo in his book "Sekitar Pancasila" published by Departement of Defense and Security, the improved design of Garuda Pancasila by Sultan Hamid II was officially adopted in United States of Indonesia Cabinet Assembly on 11 February 1950.^[2] At that time the Rajawali Garuda Pancasila was still "bald" without crest crowning its head like current version. President Sukarno introduced the national coat of arms of Indonesia to the public at Hotel Des Indes, Jakarta, on 15 February 1950.
Sukarno continued to improve the design of Garuda Pancasila. In 20 March 1950 Sukarno ordered the palace artist Dullah to done several improvements; such as the addition of crest and the change of talons position to the scroll, under sugestion of Sukarno. It was believed that Sukarno suggested the crest addition because the "bald" Garuda was considered too similar to the bald eagle of United States.^[3] Finally Sultan Hamid II gave the final touch and create the official coat of arms rules on scale and color guide. The design of this last version was still remain the same eversince, and officially recognized and used as the national coat of arms of the Republic of Indonesia.

[edit] Scroll and Motto

The Garuda clutches in its talons a scroll bearing the National Motto of Indonesia, "Bhinneka Tunggal lka" which is an Old Javanese stanza of the epic poem "Sutasoma" attributed to the 14th century poet sage of the Javanese Majapahit Empire, Empu Tantular.^[4] The text was redesicovered by the Dutch scholar Brandes from among the many lontar manuscripts among the Dutch booty called the Lombok treasure — looted from the destroyed Lombok palace in 1894.^[5] who is said to have committed the phrase to writing for the first time.
The poem expounded a doctrine of reconciliation between the Hindu and Buddhist faiths: meaning literally "Although diverse, both truthful to Dharma — thus there exists no duality in Truth".^[6][7] This spirit of religious tolerance was an essential element in the foundation and security of the newly emerging State of Majapahit and the thusly fledgling Republic of Indonesia. It is roughly rendered, Diverse, yet united^[8] or perhaps more poetically in English: Unity in Diversity.^[9]

[edit] Symbolism

The statue of Garuda Pancasila, displayed at Ruang Kemerdekaan (Independence Room) in National Monument (Monas), Jakarta.

[edit] Garuda

The Garuda is the mythical golden eagle, common to both Hindu and Buddhist mythology. The Garuda was a chimera, having the wings, beak, and feet of the golden eagle, but a man's arms and trunk. The Garuda is commonly used as an emblem in South and Southeast Asian nations. The use of the Garuda in Indonesia's coat-of-arms invokes the pre-colonial Hindu kingdoms that spanned across the archipelago, from which the present-day Republic of Indonesia is understood to be descended.
However, unlike the traditional anthropomorphic form of Garuda as featured in ancient temples in Java, the Balinese Garuda, or the national emblem of Thailand, the design of Indonesia's Garuda Pancasila is rendered in modern naturalist style. The design of Garuda Pancasila was inspired by the Elang Jawa or Javan Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) an endangered raptor endemic to the mountainous forest regions of Java. The Javan Hawk-eagle resemblance to the Garuda Pancasila is most obvious with the prominent crest crowning its head and the plumage coloured dark-brownish to chestnut-gold. By Presidential decree, the Javan Hawk-eagle was legally registered as considered as the national bird of Indonesia, and thus attributing the endangered species very high protection.^[10]
As for the coat of arms, the Garuda symbolizes strength and power, while the gold colour symbolizes greatness and glory.
The feathers on the Garuda of the Indonesian coat-of-arms are arranged so that they invoke the date of 17 August 1945, the officially recognized Indonesian Day of Independence. There are 17 feathers on each wing, 8 on the tail, 19 on the base of the tail (below the shield), 45 on the neck, corresponding to the "17/8/1945" international date format for Independence.

[edit] Shield

The shield is a martial symbol, standing for defense of the country. It is divided into five sections: a background divided into quarters, colored red and white (the colors of the national flag) in a checkerboard pattern; and a smaller, concentric shield, black in background. A thick, black line lies horizontally across the shield, symbolizing the equator which passes through the Indonesian archipelago.

[edit] Emblems

Each section of the shield has a symbol corresponding to the Pancasila principles laid down by its founder, President Sukarno.

[edit] The Star

The black shield bearing the golden star at center corresponds to the first Pancasila principle, belief in one supreme divinity or God (Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa). The color black represent the color of nature. Upon this shield at center is a golden, five-pointed star. This is a symbol common not only among Indonesia's sanctioned faiths of Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, but of the secular ideology of socialism as well.^[11]
This tenet of Pancasila has always been controversial, for it suggests compulsory religious belief as well as compulsory monotheism. Supporters of Sukarno's legacy, however, believe that this tenet was meant to unify Indonesia's population, who have diverse faiths and beliefs.

[edit] The Chain

In the bottom right quarter, on a red background, is a chain made up of square and round links. This chain represents successive human generations, with the round links representing women and the square links representing men. The chain corresponds to the second principle of the Pancasila, of belief in a commonly bound humanity.

[edit] The Tree

At the upper right quarter, on a white background, is the banyan tree (Indonesian, beringin). This symbol corresponds to the third Pancasila principle, the unity of Indonesia. The banyan is known for having expansive above-ground roots and branches. The Republic of Indonesia, as an ideal conceived by Sukarno and the Nationalists, is one country out of many far-flung cultural roots.

[edit] The Bull

In the upper left quarter, on a red background, is the head of the Javanese wild bull, the banteng. This represents the fourth principle of Pancasila, democracy by deliberation and consensus among representatives. The banteng was chosen to symbolize democracy as Indonesians saw it as a social animal. The banteng was also adopted as a symbol of Sukarno's Nationalists, and later by his daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri's Indonesia Democratic Party of Struggle.

[edit] Rice and Cotton

In the lower left quarter, on a white background, are a gold-and-white paddy and cotton. These represent the fifth Pancasila principle of social justice. The rice and cotton represent sustenance and livelihood.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)

"Merah Putih" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk film tahun 2009, lihat Merah Putih (film).

Untuk lagu "Merah Putih", lihat Merah Putih (lagu).

Bendera Indonesia
Informasi Umum
Nama negara	Republik Indonesia
Sebutan	Sang Saka Merah Putih
Proporsi	2:3
Dipakai sejak	17 Agustus 1945
Desain	Berdesain warna merah (diatas) dan putih (dibawah).
Pemakaian	Hari Besar Nasional
Penggunaan	Nasional

Bendera Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, yang secara singkat disebut Bendera Negara, adalah Sang Merah Putih. Bendera Negara Sang Merah Putih berbentuk empat persegi panjang dengan ukuran lebar 2/3 (dua-pertiga) dari panjang serta bagian atas berwarna merah dan bagian bawah berwarna putih yang kedua bagiannya berukuran sama.

Daftar isi [sembunyikan] 1 Sejarah 2 Arti Warna 3 Peraturan Tentang Bendera Merah Putih 4 Kemiripan dengan bendera negara lain 5 Daftar bendera yang mirip dengan bendera Indonesia 6 Referensi dan pranala luar

[sunting] Sejarah

Warna merah-putih bendera negara diambil dari warna Kerajaan Majapahit. Sebenarnya tidak hanya kerajaan Majapahit saja yang memakai bendera merah putih sebagai lambang kebesaran. Sebelum Majapahit, kerajaan Kediri telah memakai panji-panji merah putih. Selain itu, bendera perang Sisingamangaraja IX dari tanah Batak pun memakai warna merah putih sebagai warna benderanya , bergambar pedang kembar warna putih dengan dasar merah menyala dan putih. Warna merah dan putih ini adalah bendera perang Sisingamangaraja XII. Dua pedang kembar melambangkan piso gaja dompak, pusaka raja-raja Sisingamangaraja I-XII.^[1] Ketika terjadi perang di Aceh, pejuang – pejuang Aceh telah menggunakan bendera perang berupa umbul-umbul dengan warna merah dan putih, di bagian belakang diaplikasikan gambar pedang, bulan sabit, matahari, dan bintang serta beberapa ayat suci Al Quran.^[2] Di zaman kerajaan Bugis Bone,Sulawesi Selatan sebelum Arung Palakka, bendera Merah Putih, adalah simbol kekuasaan dan kebesaran kerajaan Bone.Bendera Bone itu dikenal dengan nama Woromporang.^[3] Pada waktu perang Jawa (1825-1830 M) Pangeran Diponegoro memakai panji-panji berwarna merah putih dalam perjuangannya melawan Belanda. Kemudian, warna-warna yang dihidupkan kembali oleh para mahasiswa dan kemudian nasionalis di awal abad 20 sebagai ekspresi nasionalisme terhadap Belanda. Bendera merah putih digunakan untuk pertama kalinya di Jawa pada tahun 1928. Di bawah pemerintahan kolonialisme, bendera itu dilarang digunakan. Sistem ini diadopsi sebagai bendera nasional pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, ketika kemerdekaan diumumkan dan telah digunakan sejak saat itu pula. ^[4]

Bendera Belanda digunakan sejak 20 Maret 1602 - 8 Maret 1942 (340 tahun)

Bendera Jepang digunakan sejak 8 Maret 1942 - 17 Agustus 1945 (3 tahun 5 bulan)

Bendera Merah Putih digunakan sejak 17 Agustus 1945[5]

[sunting] Arti Warna

Bendera Indonesia memiliki makna filosofis. Merah berarti berani, putih berarti suci. Merah melambangkan tubuh manusia, sedangkan putih melambangkan jiwa manusia. Keduanya saling melengkapi dan menyempurnakan untuk Indonesia.
Ditinjau dari segi sejarah, sejak dahulu kala kedua warna merah dan putih mengandung makna yang suci. Warna merah mirip dengan warna gula jawa/gula aren dan warna putih mirip dengan warna nasi. Kedua bahan ini adalah bahan utama dalam masakan Indonesia, terutama di pulau Jawa. Ketika Kerajaan Majapahit berjaya di Nusantara, warna panji-panji yang digunakan adalah merah dan putih (umbul-umbul abang putih). Sejak dulu warna merah dan putih ini oleh orang Jawa digunakan untuk upacara selamatan kandungan bayi sesudah berusia empat bulan di dalam rahim berupa bubur yang diberi pewarna merah sebagian. Orang Jawa percaya bahwa kehamilan dimulai sejak bersatunya unsur merah sebagai lambang ibu, yaitu darah yang tumpah ketika sang jabang bayi lahir, dan unsur putih sebagai lambang ayah, yang ditanam di gua garba.

[sunting] Peraturan Tentang Bendera Merah Putih

Bendera negara diatur menurut UUD '45 pasal 35 ^[6], UU No 24/2009, dan Peraturan Pemerintah No.40/1958 tentang Bendera Kebangsaan Republik Indonesia ^[7]
Menurut UU No 24 Tahun 2009 tentang Bendera, Bahasa, dan Lambang Negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan. (LN 2009 Nmr 109, TLN 5035):

• Bendera Negara dibuat dari kain yang warnanya tidak luntur.

• Bendera Negara dibuat dengan ketentuan ukuran:

1. 200 cm x 300 cm untuk penggunaan di lapangan istana kepresidenan;
2. 120 cm x 180 cm untuk penggunaan di lapangan umum;
3. 100 cm x 150 cm untuk penggunaan di ruangan;
4. 36 cm x 54 cm untuk penggunaan di mobil Presiden dan Wakil Presiden;
5. 30 cm x 45 cm untuk penggunaan di mobil pejabat negara;
6. 20 cm x 30 cm untuk penggunaan di kendaraan umum;
7. 100 cm x 150 cm untuk penggunaan di kapal;
8. 100 cm x 150 cm untuk penggunaan di kereta api;
9. 30 cm x 45 cm untuk penggunaan di pesawat udara;dan
10. 10 cm x 15 cm untuk penggunaan di meja.

• Pengibaran dan/atau pemasangan Bendera Negara dilakukan pada waktu antara matahari terbit hingga matahari terbenam. Dalam keadaan tertentu pengibaran dan/atau pemasangan Bendera Negara dapat dilakukan pada malam hari.

• Bendera Negara wajib dikibarkan pada setiap peringatan Hari Kemerdekaan Bangsa Indonesia tanggal 17 Agustus oleh warga negara yang menguasai hak penggunaan rumah, gedung atau kantor, satuan pendidikan, transportasi umum, dan transportasi pribadi di seluruh wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan di kantor perwakilan Republik Indonesia di luar negeri.

• Bendera Negara wajib dikibarkan setiap hari di:

1. istana Presiden dan Wakil Presiden;
2. gedung atau kantor lembaga negara;
3. gedung atau kantor lembaga pemerintah;
4. gedung atau kantor lembaga pemerintah nonkementerian;
5. gedung atau kantor lembaga pemerintah daerah;
6. gedung atau kantor dewan perwakilan rakyat daerah;
7. gedung atau kantor perwakilan Republik Indonesia di luar negeri;
8. gedung atau halaman satuan pendidikan;
9. gedung atau kantor swasta;
10. rumah jabatan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden;
11. rumah jabatan pimpinan lembaga negara;
12. rumah jabatan menteri;
13. rumah jabatan pimpinan lembaga pemerintahan nonkementerian;
14. rumah jabatan gubernur, bupati, walikota, dan camat;
15. gedung atau kantor atau rumah jabatan lain;
16. pos perbatasan dan pulau-pulau terluar di wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia;
17. lingkungan Tentara Nasional Indonesia dan Kepolisian Republik Indonesia; dan
18. taman makam pahlawan nasional.

Momentum pengibaran bendera asli setelah deklarasi kemerdekaan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945.

• Bendera Negara sebagai penutup peti atau usungan jenazah dapat dipasang pada peti atau usungan jenazah Presiden atau Wakil Presiden, mantan Presiden atau mantan Wakil Presiden, anggota lembaga negara, menteri atau pejabat setingkat menteri, kepala daerah, anggota dewan perwakilan rakyat daerah, kepala perwakilan diplomatik, anggota Tentara Nasional Indonesia, anggota Kepolisian Republik Indonesia yang meninggal dalam tugas, dan/atau warga negara Indonesia yang berjasa bagi bangsa dan negara.

• Bendera Negara yang dikibarkan pada Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Bangsa Indonesia tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 di Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Nomor 56 Jakarta disebut Bendera Pusaka Sang Saka Merah Putih. Bendera Pusaka Sang Saka Merah Putih disimpan dan dipelihara di Monumen Nasional Jakarta.

• Setiap orang dilarang:

1. merusak, merobek, menginjak-injak, membakar, atau melakukan perbuatan lain dengan maksud menodai, menghina, atau merendahkan kehormatan Bendera Negara;
2. memakai Bendera Negara untuk reklame atau iklan komersial;
3. mengibarkan Bendera Negara yang rusak, robek, luntur, kusut, atau kusam;
4. mencetak, menyulam, dan menulis huruf, angka, gambar atau tanda lain dan memasang lencana atau benda apapun pada Bendera Negara; dan
5. memakai Bendera Negara untuk langit-langit, atap, pembungkus barang, dan tutup barang yang dapat menurunkan kehormatan Bendera Negara.

[sunting] Kemiripan dengan bendera negara lain

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Daftar bendera dwiwarna merah-putih

Menurut kesetaraan kedudukannya sebagai bendera nasional, bendera ini mirip dengan Bendera Monako yang mempunyai warna sama namun rasio yang berbeda, selain itu bendera ini juga mirip dengan Bendera Polandia yang mempunyai warna yang sama namun warnanya terbalik.

[sunting] Daftar bendera yang mirip dengan bendera Indonesia

Bendera Indonesia

Bendera Monako

Bendera Singapura

Bendera Polandia

Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, atau disingkat UUD 1945 atau UUD '45, adalah hukum dasar tertulis (basic law), konstitusi pemerintahan negara Republik Indonesia saat ini. ^[1]
UUD 1945 disahkan sebagai undang-undang dasar negara oleh PPKI pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945. Sejak tanggal 27 Desember 1949, di Indonesia berlaku Konstitusi RIS, dan sejak tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 di Indonesia berlaku UUDS 1950. Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 kembali memberlakukan UUD 1945, dengan dikukuhkan secara aklamasi oleh DPR pada tanggal 22 Juli 1959.
Pada kurun waktu tahun 1999-2002, UUD 1945 mengalami 4 kali perubahan (amandemen), yang mengubah susunan lembaga-lembaga dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia.

Daftar isi [sembunyikan] 1 Naskah Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 2 Sejarah 2.1 Sejarah Awal 2.2 Periode berlakunya UUD 1945 18 Agustus 1945- 27 Desember 1949 2.3 Periode berlakunya Konstitusi RIS 1949 27 Desember 1949 - 17 Agustus 1950 2.4 Periode UUDS 1950 17 Agustus 1950 - 5 Juli 1959 2.5 Periode kembalinya ke UUD 1945 5 Juli 1959-1966 2.6 Periode UUD 1945 masa orde baru 11 Maret 1966- 21 Mei 1998 2.7 Periode 21 Mei 1998- 19 Oktober 1999 2.8 Periode UUD 1945 Amandemen 3 Referensi 4 Pranala luar

[sunting] Naskah Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

Sebelum dilakukan Perubahan, UUD 1945 terdiri atas Pembukaan, Batang Tubuh (16 bab, 37 pasal, 65 ayat (16 ayat berasal dari 16 pasal yang hanya terdiri dari 1 ayat dan 49 ayat berasal dari 21 pasal yang terdiri dari 2 ayat atau lebih), 4 pasal Aturan Peralihan, dan 2 ayat Aturan Tambahan), serta Penjelasan.
Setelah dilakukan 4 kali perubahan, UUD 1945 memiliki 20 bab, 37 pasal, 194 ayat, 3 pasal Aturan Peralihan, dan 2 pasal Aturan Tambahan.
Dalam Risalah Sidang Tahunan MPR Tahun 2002, diterbitkan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Dalam Satu Naskah, Sebagai Naskah Perbantuan dan Kompilasi Tanpa Ada Opini.

[sunting] Sejarah

[sunting] Sejarah Awal

Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) yang dibentuk pada tanggal 29 April 1945 adalah badan yang menyusun rancangan UUD 1945. Pada masa sidang pertama yang berlangsung dari tanggal 28 Mei hingga 1 Juni 1945, Ir. Soekarno menyampaikan gagasan tentang "Dasar Negara" yang diberi nama Pancasila. Pada tanggal 22 Juni 1945, 38 anggota BPUPKI membentuk Panitia Sembilan yang terdiri dari 9 orang untuk merancang Piagam Jakarta yang akan menjadi naskah Pembukaan UUD 1945. Setelah dihilangkannya anak kalimat "dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariah Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya" maka naskah Piagam Jakarta menjadi naskah Pembukaan UUD 1945 yang disahkan pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 oleh Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Pengesahan UUD 1945 dikukuhkan oleh Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP) yang bersidang pada tanggal 29 Agustus 1945. Naskah rancangan UUD 1945 Indonesia disusun pada masa Sidang Kedua Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPK). Nama Badan ini tanpa kata "Indonesia" karena hanya diperuntukkan untuk tanah Jawa saja. Di Sumatera ada BPUPK untuk Sumatera. Masa Sidang Kedua tanggal 10-17 Juli 1945. Tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, PPKI mengesahkan UUD 1945 sebagai Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia.

[sunting] Periode berlakunya UUD 1945 18 Agustus 1945- 27 Desember 1949

Dalam kurun waktu 1945-1950, UUD 1945 tidak dapat dilaksanakan sepenuhnya karena Indonesia sedang disibukkan dengan perjuangan mempertahankan kemerdekaan. Maklumat Wakil Presiden Nomor X pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1945 memutuskan bahwa KNIP diserahi kekuasaan legislatif, karena MPR dan DPR belum terbentuk. Tanggal 14 November 1945 dibentuk Kabinet Semi-Presidensiel ("Semi-Parlementer") yang pertama, sehingga peristiwa ini merupakan perubahan sistem pemerintahan agar dianggap lebih demokratis.

[sunting] Periode berlakunya Konstitusi RIS 1949 27 Desember 1949 - 17 Agustus 1950

Pada masa ini sistem pemerintahan indonesia adalah parlementer.
bentuk pemerintahan dan bentuk negaranya federasi yaitu negara yang didalamnya terdiri dari negara-negara bagian yang masing masing negara bagian memiliki kedaulatan sendiri untuk mengurus urusan dalam negerinya.

[sunting] Periode UUDS 1950 17 Agustus 1950 - 5 Juli 1959

Pada masa ini sistem pemerintahan indonesia adalah parlementer.

[sunting] Periode kembalinya ke UUD 1945 5 Juli 1959-1966

Karena situasi politik pada Sidang Konstituante 1959 dimana banyak saling tarik ulur kepentingan partai politik sehingga gagal menghasilkan UUD baru, maka pada tanggal 5 Juli 1959, Presiden Sukarno mengeluarkan Dekrit Presiden yang salah satu isinya memberlakukan kembali UUD 1945 sebagai undang-undang dasar, menggantikan Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara 1950 yang berlaku pada waktu itu.
Pada masa ini, terdapat berbagai penyimpangan UUD 1945, diantaranya:

• Presiden mengangkat Ketua dan Wakil Ketua MPR/DPR dan MA serta Wakil Ketua DPA menjadi Menteri Negara
• MPRS menetapkan Soekarno sebagai presiden seumur hidup
• Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia melalui Gerakan 30 September Partai Komunis Indonesia

[sunting] Periode UUD 1945 masa orde baru 11 Maret 1966- 21 Mei 1998

Pada masa Orde Baru (1966-1998), Pemerintah menyatakan akan menjalankan UUD 1945 dan Pancasila secara murni dan konsekuen. Namun pelaksanaannya ternyata menyimpang dari Pancasila dan UUD 1945 yang murni,terutama pelanggaran pasal 23 (hutang Konglomerat/private debt dijadikan beban rakyat Indonesia/public debt) dan 33 UUD 1945 yang memberi kekuasaan pada pihak swasta untuk menghancur hutan dan sumberalam kita.
Pada masa Orde Baru, UUD 1945 juga menjadi konstitusi yang sangat "sakral", diantara melalui sejumlah peraturan:

• Ketetapan MPR Nomor I/MPR/1983 yang menyatakan bahwa MPR berketetapan untuk mempertahankan UUD 1945, tidak berkehendak akan melakukan perubahan terhadapnya
• Ketetapan MPR Nomor IV/MPR/1983 tentang Referendum yang antara lain menyatakan bahwa bila MPR berkehendak mengubah UUD 1945, terlebih dahulu harus minta pendapat rakyat melalui referendum.
• Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1985 tentang Referendum, yang merupakan pelaksanaan TAP MPR Nomor IV/MPR/1983.

[sunting] Periode 21 Mei 1998- 19 Oktober 1999

Pada masa ini dikenal masa transisi. Yaitu masa sejak Presiden Soeharto digantikan oleh B.J.Habibie sampai dengan lepasnya Provinsi Timor Timur dari NKRI.

[sunting] Periode UUD 1945 Amandemen

Salah satu tuntutan Reformasi 1998 adalah dilakukannya perubahan (amandemen) terhadap UUD 1945. Latar belakang tuntutan perubahan UUD 1945 antara lain karena pada masa Orde Baru, kekuasaan tertinggi di tangan MPR (dan pada kenyataannya bukan di tangan rakyat), kekuasaan yang sangat besar pada Presiden, adanya pasal-pasal yang terlalu "luwes" (sehingga dapat menimbulkan multitafsir), serta kenyataan rumusan UUD 1945 tentang semangat penyelenggara negara yang belum cukup didukung ketentuan konstitusi.
Tujuan perubahan UUD 1945 waktu itu adalah menyempurnakan aturan dasar seperti tatanan negara, kedaulatan rakyat, HAM, pembagian kekuasaan, eksistensi negara demokrasi dan negara hukum, serta hal-hal lain yang sesuai dengan perkembangan aspirasi dan kebutuhan bangsa. Perubahan UUD 1945 dengan kesepakatan diantaranya tidak mengubah Pembukaan UUD 1945, tetap mempertahankan susunan kenegaraan (staat structuur) kesatuan atau selanjutnya lebih dikenal sebagai Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI), serta mempertegas sistem pemerintahan presidensiil.
Dalam kurun waktu 1999-2002, UUD 1945 mengalami 4 kali perubahan (amandemen) yang ditetapkan dalam Sidang Umum dan Sidang Tahunan MPR:

• Sidang Umum MPR 1999, tanggal 14-21 Oktober 1999 → Perubahan Pertama UUD 1945
• Sidang Tahunan MPR 2000, tanggal 7-18 Agustus 2000 → Perubahan Kedua UUD 1945
• Sidang Tahunan MPR 2001, tanggal 1-9 November 2001 → Perubahan Ketiga UUD 1945
• Sidang Tahunan MPR 2002, tanggal 1-11 Agustus 2002 → Perubahan Keempat UUD 1945

Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia Jumat, 17 Agustus 1945 Tahun Masehi, atau 17 Agustus 2605 menurut tahun Jepang dibacakan oleh Ir. Soekarno yang didampingi oleh Drs. Mohammad Hatta di Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56, Jakarta Pusat.

Daftar isi [sembunyikan] 1 Latar belakang 2 Peristiwa Rengasdengklok 2.1 Pertemuan Soekarno/Hatta dengan Jenderal Mayor Nishimura dan Laksamana Muda Maeda 3 Detik-detik Pembacaan Naskah Proklamasi 4 Isi Teks Proklamasi 4.1 Naskah Otentik 5 Peringatan 17 Agustus 1945 5.1 Lomba-lomba tradisional 5.2 Peringatan Detik-detik Proklamasi 6 Rujukan 7 Lihat pula 8 Pranala luar

[sunting] Latar belakang

Artikel ini bagian dari seri Sejarah Indonesia
Sejarah Nusantara
Pra-Kolonial (sebelum 1509)
Pra-sejarah
Kerajaan Hindu-Buddha
Kerajaan Islam
Zaman kolonial (1509-1945)
Era Portugis (1509-1602)
Era VOC (1602-1800)
Era Belanda (1800-1942)
Era Jepang (1942-1945)
Sejarah Republik Indonesia
Proklamasi (17 Agustus 1945)
Masa Transisi (1945-1949)
Era Orde Lama (1950-1959)
Demokrasi Terpimpin (1959-1966)
Operasi Trikora (1960-1962)
Konfrontasi Indo-Malaya (1962-1965)
Gerakan 30 September 1965
Era Orde Baru (1966-1998)
Gerakan Mahasiswa 1998
Era Reformasi (1998-sekarang)
[Sunting]

Pada tanggal 6 Agustus 1945 sebuah bom atom dijatuhkan di atas kota Hiroshima Jepang oleh Amerika Serikat yang mulai menurunkan moral semangat tentara Jepang di seluruh dunia. Sehari kemudian Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia BPUPKI, atau "Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai", berganti nama menjadi PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia) atau disebut juga Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai dalam bahasa Jepang, untuk lebih menegaskan keinginan dan tujuan mencapai kemerdekaan Indonesia. Pada tanggal 9 Agustus 1945, bom atom kedua dijatuhkan di atas Nagasaki sehingga menyebabkan Jepang menyerah kepada Amerika Serikat dan sekutunya. Momen ini pun dimanfaatkan oleh Indonesia untuk memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya.

Soekarno, Hatta selaku pimpinan PPKI dan Radjiman Wedyodiningrat sebagai mantan ketua BPUPKI diterbangkan ke Dalat, 250 km di sebelah timur laut Saigon, Vietnam untuk bertemu Marsekal Terauchi. Mereka dikabarkan bahwa pasukan Jepang sedang di ambang kekalahan dan akan memberikan kemerdekaan kepada Indonesia. Sementara itu di Indonesia, pada tanggal 10 Agustus 1945, Sutan Syahrir telah mendengar berita lewat radio bahwa Jepang telah menyerah kepada Sekutu. Para pejuang bawah tanah bersiap-siap memproklamasikan kemerdekaan RI, dan menolak bentuk kemerdekaan yang diberikan sebagai hadiah Jepang.
Pada tanggal 12 Agustus 1945, Jepang melalui Marsekal Terauchi di Dalat, Vietnam, mengatakan kepada Soekarno, Hatta dan Radjiman bahwa pemerintah Jepang akan segera memberikan kemerdekaan kepada Indonesia dan proklamasi kemerdekaan dapat dilaksanakan dalam beberapa hari, tergantung cara kerja PPKI.^[1] Meskipun demikian Jepang menginginkan kemerdekaan Indonesia pada tanggal 24 Agustus.
Dua hari kemudian, saat Soekarno, Hatta dan Radjiman kembali ke tanah air dari Dalat, Sutan Syahrir mendesak agar Soekarno segera memproklamasikan kemerdekaan karena menganggap hasil pertemuan di Dalat sebagai tipu muslihat Jepang, karena Jepang setiap saat sudah harus menyerah kepada Sekutu dan demi menghindari perpecahan dalam kubu nasionalis, antara yang anti dan pro Jepang. Hatta menceritakan kepada Syahrir tentang hasil pertemuan di Dalat. Soekarno belum yakin bahwa Jepang memang telah menyerah, dan proklamasi kemerdekaan RI saat itu dapat menimbulkan pertumpahan darah yang besar, dan dapat berakibat sangat fatal jika para pejuang Indonesia belum siap. Soekarno mengingatkan Hatta bahwa Syahrir tidak berhak memproklamasikan kemerdekaan karena itu adalah hak Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Sementara itu Syahrir menganggap PPKI adalah badan buatan Jepang dan proklamasi kemerdekaan oleh PPKI hanya merupakan 'hadiah' dari Jepang (sic).

Pada tanggal 14 Agustus 1945 Jepang menyerah kepada Sekutu. Tentara dan Angkatan Laut Jepang masih berkuasa di Indonesia karena Jepang telah berjanji akan mengembalikan kekuasaan di Indonesia ke tangan Sekutu. Sutan Sjahrir, Wikana, Darwis, dan Chaerul Saleh mendengar kabar ini melalui radio BBC. Setelah mendengar desas-desus Jepang bakal bertekuk lutut, golongan muda mendesak golongan tua untuk segera memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Namun golongan tua tidak ingin terburu-buru. Mereka tidak menginginkan terjadinya pertumpahan darah pada saat proklamasi. Konsultasi pun dilakukan dalam bentuk rapat PPKI. Golongan muda tidak menyetujui rapat itu, mengingat PPKI adalah sebuah badan yang dibentuk oleh Jepang. Mereka menginginkan kemerdekaan atas usaha bangsa kita sendiri, bukan pemberian Jepang.
Soekarno dan Hatta mendatangi penguasa militer Jepang (Gunsei) untuk memperoleh konfirmasi di kantornya di Koningsplein (Medan Merdeka). Tapi kantor tersebut kosong.
Soekarno dan Hatta bersama Soebardjo kemudian ke kantor Bukanfu, Laksamana Muda Maeda, di Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara (Rumah Maeda di Jl Imam Bonjol 1). Maeda menyambut kedatangan mereka dengan ucapan selamat atas keberhasilan mereka di Dalat. Sambil menjawab ia belum menerima konfirmasi serta masih menunggu instruksi dari Tokyo. Sepulang dari Maeda, Soekarno dan Hatta segera mempersiapkan pertemuan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) pada pukul 10 pagi 16 Agustus keesokan harinya di kantor Jalan Pejambon No 2 guna membicarakan segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan persiapan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan.
Sehari kemudian, gejolak tekanan yang menghendaki pengambilalihan kekuasaan oleh Indonesia makin memuncak dilancarkan para pemuda dari beberapa golongan. Rapat PPKI pada 16 Agustus pukul 10 pagi tidak dilaksanakan karena Soekarno dan Hatta tidak muncul. Peserta rapat tidak tahu telah terjadi peristiwa Rengasdengklok.

[sunting] Peristiwa Rengasdengklok

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: peristiwa Rengasdengklok

Para pemuda pejuang, termasuk Chaerul Saleh, Sukarni, dan Wikana --yang konon kabarnya terbakar gelora heroismenya setelah berdiskusi dengan Ibrahim gelar Datuk Tan Malaka --yang tergabung dalam gerakan bawah tanah kehilangan kesabaran, dan pada dini hari tanggal 16 Agustus 1945. Bersama Shodanco Singgih, salah seorang anggota PETA, dan pemuda lain, mereka membawa Soekarno (bersama Fatmawati dan Guntur yang baru berusia 9 bulan) dan Hatta, ke Rengasdengklok, yang kemudian terkenal sebagai peristiwa Rengasdengklok. Tujuannya adalah agar Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh. Hatta tidak terpengaruh oleh Jepang. Di sini, mereka kembali meyakinkan Soekarno bahwa Jepang telah menyerah dan para pejuang telah siap untuk melawan Jepang, apa pun risikonya. Di Jakarta, golongan muda, Wikana, dan golongan tua, yaitu Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo melakukan perundingan. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo menyetujui untuk memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Indonesia di Jakarta. maka diutuslah Yusuf Kunto untuk mengantar Ahmad Soebardjo ke Rengasdengklok. Mereka menjemput Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh. Hatta kembali ke Jakarta. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo berhasil meyakinkan para pemuda untuk tidak terburu - buru memproklamasikan kemerdekaan. Setelah tiba di Jakarta, mereka pulang kerumah masing-masing. Mengingat bahwa hotel Des Indes (sekarang kompleks pertokoan di Harmoni) tidak dapat digunakan untuk pertemuan setelah pukul 10 malam, maka tawaran Laksamana Muda Maeda untuk menggunakan rumahnya (sekarang gedung museum perumusan teks proklamasi) sebagai tempat rapat PPKI diterima oleh para tokoh Indonesia.

[sunting] Pertemuan Soekarno/Hatta dengan Jenderal Mayor Nishimura dan Laksamana Muda Maeda

Malam harinya, Soekarno dan Hatta kembali ke Jakarta. Mayor Jenderal Moichiro Yamamoto, Kepala Staf Tentara ke XVI (Angkatan Darat) yang menjadi Kepala pemerintahan militer Jepang (Gunseikan) di Hindia Belanda tidak mau menerima Sukarno-Hatta yang diantar oleh Maeda Tadashi dan memerintahkan agar Mayor Jenderal Otoshi Nishimura, Kepala Departemen Urusan Umum pemerintahan militer Jepang, untuk menerima kedatangan rombongan tersebut. Nishimura mengemukakan bahwa sejak siang hari tanggal 16 Agustus 1945 telah diterima perintah dari Tokio bahwa Jepang harus menjaga status quo, tidak dapat memberi ijin untuk mempersiapkan proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia sebagaimana telah dijanjikan oleh Marsekal Terauchi di Dalat, Vietnam. Soekarno dan Hatta menyesali keputusan itu dan menyindir Nishimura apakah itu sikap seorang perwira yang bersemangat Bushido, ingkar janji agar dikasihani oleh Sekutu. Akhirnya Sukarno-Hatta meminta agar Nishimura jangan menghalangi kerja PPKI, mungkin dengan cara pura-pura tidak tau. Melihat perdebatan yang panas itu Maeda dengan diam-diam meninggalkan ruangan karena diperingatkan oleh Nishimura agar Maeda mematuhi perintah Tokio dan dia mengetahui sebagai perwira penghubung Angkatan Laut (Kaigun) di daerah Angkatan Darat (Rikugun) dia tidak punya wewenang memutuskan.
Setelah dari rumah Nishimura, Sukarno-Hatta menuju rumah Laksamana Maeda (kini Jalan Imam Bonjol No.1) diiringi oleh Myoshi guna melakukan rapat untuk menyiapkan teks Proklamasi. Setelah menyapa Sukarno-Hatta yang ditinggalkan berdebat dengan Nishimura, Maeda mengundurkan diri menuju kamar tidurnya. Penyusunan teks Proklamasi dilakukan oleh Soekarno, M. Hatta, Achmad Soebardjo dan disaksikan oleh Soekarni, B.M. Diah, Sudiro (Mbah) dan Sayuti Melik. Myoshi yang setengah mabuk duduk di kursi belakang mendengarkan penyusunan teks tersebut tetapi kemudian ada kalimat dari Shigetada Nishijima seolah-olah dia ikut mencampuri penyusunan teks proklamasi dan menyarankan agar pemindahan kekuasaan itu hanya berarti kekuasaan administratif. Tentang hal ini Bung Karno menegaskan bahwa pemindahan kekuasaan itu berarti "transfer of power". Bung Hatta, Subardjo, B.M Diah, Sukarni, Sudiro dan Sajuti Malik tidak ada yang membenarkan klaim Nishijima tetapi di beberapa kalangan klaim Nishijima masih didengungkan.
Setelah konsep selesai disepakati, Sajuti menyalin dan mengetik naskah tersebut menggunakan mesin ketik yang diambil dari kantor perwakilan AL Jerman, milik Mayor (Laut) Dr. Hermann Kandeler.^[2] Pada awalnya pembacaan proklamasi akan dilakukan di Lapangan Ikada, namun berhubung alasan keamanan dipindahkan ke kediaman Soekarno, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56^[3] (sekarang Jl. Proklamasi no. 1).

[sunting] Detik-detik Pembacaan Naskah Proklamasi

Naskah asli proklamasi yang ditempatkan di Monumen Nasional

Perundingan antara golongan muda dan golongan tua dalam penyusunan teks Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia berlangsung pukul 02.00 - 04.00 dini hari. Teks proklamasi ditulis di ruang makan di laksamana Tadashi Maeda jln Imam Bonjol No 1. Para penyusun teks proklamasi itu adalah Ir. Soekarno, Drs. Moh. Hatta, dan Mr. Ahmad Soebarjo. Konsep teks proklamasi ditulis oleh Ir. Soekarno sendiri. Di ruang depan, hadir B.M Diah Sayuti Melik, Sukarni dan Soediro. Sukarni mengusulkan agar yang menandatangani teks proklamasi itu adalah Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh. Hatta atas nama bangsa Indonesia. Teks Proklamasi Indonesia itu diketik oleh Sayuti melik. Pagi harinya, 17 Agustus 1945, di kediaman Soekarno, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56 telah hadir antara lain Soewirjo, Wilopo, Gafar Pringgodigdo, Tabrani dan Trimurti. Acara dimulai pada pukul 10:00 dengan pembacaan proklamasi oleh Soekarno dan disambung pidato singkat tanpa teks. Kemudian bendera Merah Putih, yang telah dijahit oleh bu Fatmawati, dikibarkan, disusul dengan sambutan oleh Soewirjo, wakil walikota Jakarta saat itu dan Moewardi, pimpinan Barisan Pelopor.
Pada awalnya Trimurti diminta untuk menaikkan bendera namun ia menolak dengan alasan pengerekan bendera sebaiknya dilakukan oleh seorang prajurit. Oleh sebab itu ditunjuklah Latief Hendraningrat, seorang prajurit PETA, dibantu oleh Soehoed untuk tugas tersebut. Seorang pemudi muncul dari belakang membawa nampan berisi bendera Merah Putih (Sang Saka Merah Putih), yang dijahit oleh Fatmawati beberapa hari sebelumnya. Setelah bendera berkibar, hadirin menyanyikan lagu Indonesia Raya.^[4]. Sampai saat ini, bendera pusaka tersebut masih disimpan di Museum Tugu Monumen Nasional.
Setelah upacara selesai berlangsung, kurang lebih 100 orang anggota Barisan Pelopor yang dipimpin S.Brata datang terburu-buru karena mereka tidak mengetahui perubahan tempat mendadak dari Ikada ke Pegangsaan. Mereka menuntut Soekarno mengulang pembacaan Proklamasi, namun ditolak. Akhirnya Hatta memberikan amanat singkat kepada mereka.^[5]

Pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) mengambil keputusan, mengesahkan dan menetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) sebagai dasar negara Republik Indonesia, yang selanjutnya dikenal sebagai UUD 45. Dengan demikian terbentuklah Pemerintahan Negara Kesatuan Indonesia yang berbentuk Republik (NKRI) dengan kedaulatan di tangan rakyat yang dilakukan sepenuhnya oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yang akan dibentuk kemudian.
Setelah itu Soekarno dan M.Hatta terpilih atas usul dari Oto Iskandardinata dan persetujuan dari PPKI sebagai presiden dan wakil presiden Republik Indonesia yang pertama. Presiden dan wakil presiden akan dibantu oleh sebuah Komite Nasional.

[sunting] Isi Teks Proklamasi

Isi teks proklamasi kemerdekaan yang singkat ini adalah:

Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia.

Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan

dengan tjara seksama dan dalam tempo jang sesingkat-singkatnja.

Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05

Atas nama bangsa Indonesia.

Soekarno/Hatta

Di sini ditulis tahun 05 karena ini sesuai dengan tahun Jepang yang kala itu adalah tahun 2605.

[sunting] Naskah Otentik

Soekarno membacakan naskah proklamasi di studio RRI pada tahun 1951 (bantuan·info)

Kesulitan memainkan berkas media?

Teks diatas merupakan hasil ketikan dari Sayuti Melik (atau Sajoeti Melik), salah seorang tokoh pemuda yang ikut andil dalam persiapan proklamasi.

Proklamasi

Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia.

Hal² jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan

dengan tjara saksama dan dalam tempoh jang sesingkat-singkatnja.

Djakarta, 17-8-'05

Wakil2 bangsa Indonesia.

[sunting] Peringatan 17 Agustus 1945

Setiap tahun pada tanggal 17 Agustus, rakyat Indonesia merayakan Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan ini dengan meriah. Mulai dari lomba panjat pinang, lomba makan kerupuk, sampai upacara militer di Istana Merdeka, seluruh bagian dari masyarakat ikut berpartisipasi dengan cara masing-masing.

[sunting] Lomba-lomba tradisional

Perlombaan yang seringkali menghiasi dan meramaikan Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan RI diadakan di kampung-kampung/ pedesaan diikuti oleh warga setempat dan dikoordinir oleh pengurus kampung/ pemuda desa

• Panjat pinang
• Balap bakiak
• Tarik tambang
• Sepeda lambat
• Makan kerupuk
• Balap karung
• Perang bantal
• Pemecahan balon
• Pengambilan koin dalam terigu
• Lari Kelereng

[sunting] Peringatan Detik-detik Proklamasi

Peringatan detik-detik Proklamasi di Istana Merdeka dipimpin oleh Presiden RI selaku Inspektur Upacara. Peringatan ini biasanya disiarkan secara langsung oleh seluruh stasiun televisi. Acara-acara pada pagi hari termasuk: penembakan meriam dan sirene, pengibaran bendera Sang Saka Merah Putih (Bendera Pusaka), pembacaan naskah Proklamasi, dll. Pada sore hari terdapat acara penurunan bendera Sang Saka Merah Putih.

Untuk daftar Presiden Indonesia, lihat Daftar Presiden Indonesia.

Untuk daftar Wakil Presiden Indonesia, lihat Daftar Wakil Presiden Indonesia.

Presiden Indonesia (nama jabatan resmi: Presiden Republik Indonesia) adalah kepala negara sekaligus kepala pemerintahan Indonesia. Sebagai kepala negara, Presiden adalah simbol resmi negara Indonesia di dunia. Sebagai kepala pemerintahan, Presiden dibantu oleh wakil presiden dan menteri-menteri dalam kabinet, memegang kekuasaan eksekutif untuk melaksanakan tugas-tugas pemerintah sehari-hari. Presiden (dan Wakil Presiden) menjabat selama 5 tahun, dan sesudahnya dapat dipilih kembali dalam jabatan yang sama untuk satu kali masa jabatan.Beliau digaji sekitar 60 juta perbulan^[1]

Daftar isi [sembunyikan] 1 Wewenang, kewajiban, dan hak 2 Pemilihan 2.1 Pemilihan Wakil Presiden yang lowong 2.2 Pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden yang lowong 3 Pelantikan 4 Pemberhentian 5 Lihat pula 6 Referensi 7 Pranala luar

[sunting] Wewenang, kewajiban, dan hak

Wewenang, kewajiban, dan hak Presiden antara lain:

• Memegang kekuasaan pemerintahan menurut UUD
• Memegang kekuasaan yang tertinggi atas Angkatan Darat, Angkatan Laut, dan Angkatan Udara
• Mengajukan Rancangan Undang-Undang kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR). Presiden melakukan pembahasan dan pemberian persetujuan atas RUU bersama DPR serta mengesahkan RUU menjadi UU.
• Menetapkan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang (dalam kegentingan yang memaksa)
• Menetapkan Peraturan Pemerintah
• Mengangkat dan memberhentikan menteri-menteri
• Menyatakan perang, membuat perdamaian dan perjanjian dengan negara lain dengan persetujuan DPR
• Membuat perjanjian internasional lainnya dengan persetujuan DPR
• Menyatakan keadaan bahaya.
• Mengangkat duta dan konsul. Dalam mengangkat duta, Presiden memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR
• Menerima penempatan duta negara lain dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR.
• Memberi grasi, rehabilitasi dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan Mahkamah Agung
• Memberi amnesti dan abolisi dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR
• Memberi gelar, tanda jasa, dan tanda kehormatan lainnya yang diatur dengan UU
• Meresmikan anggota Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan yang dipilih oleh DPR dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan Dewan Perwakilan Daerah
• Menetapkan hakim agung dari calon yang diusulkan oleh Komisi Yudisial dan disetujui DPR
• Menetapkan hakim konstitusi dari calon yang diusulkan Presiden, DPR, dan Mahkamah Agung
• Mengangkat dan memberhentikan anggota Komisi Yudisial dengan persetujuan DPR.

[sunting] Pemilihan

Menurut Perubahan Ketiga UUD 1945 Pasal 6A, Presiden dan Wakil Presiden dipilih dalam satu pasangan secara langsung oleh rakyat melalui Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden (Pilpres). Sebelumnya, Presiden (dan Wakil Presiden) dipilih oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat. Dengan adanya Perubahan UUD 1945, Presiden tidak lagi bertanggung jawab kepada MPR, dan kedudukan antara Presiden dan MPR adalah setara.
Calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden diusulkan oleh partai politik atau gabungan partai politik peserta pemilu sebelumnya. Pilpres pertama kali di Indonesia diselenggarakan pada tahun 2004.
Jika dalam Pilpres didapat suara >50% jumlah suara dalam pemilu dengan sedikitnya 20% di setiap provinsi yang tersebar di lebih dari separuh jumlah provinsi Indonesia, maka dinyatakan sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih. Jika tidak ada pasangan calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih, maka pasangan yang memperoleh suara terbanyak pertama dan kedua dalam Pilpres mengikuti Pilpres Putaran Kedua. Pasangan yang memperoleh suara terbanyak dalam Pilpres Putaran Kedua dinyatakan sebagai Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Terpilih.

[sunting] Pemilihan Wakil Presiden yang lowong

Dalam hal terjadi kekosongan Wakil Presiden, Presiden mengajukan 2 calon Wapres kepada MPR. Selambat-lambatnya, dalam waktu 60 hari MPR menyelenggarakan Sidang MPR untuk memilih Wapres.

[sunting] Pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden yang lowong

Dalam hal Presiden dan Wakil Presiden keduanya berhalangan tetap secara bersamaan, maka partai politik (atau gabungan partai politik) yang pasangan Calon Presiden/Wakil Presidennya meraih suara terbanyak pertama dan kedua dalam Pilpres sebelumnya, mengusulkan pasangan calon Presiden/Wakil Presiden kepada MPR.
Selambat-lambatnya dalam waktu 30 hari, MPR menyelenggarakan Sidang MPR untuk memilih Presiden dan Wakil Presiden.

[sunting] Pelantikan

Sesuai dengan Pasal 9 UUD 1945, Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih bersumpah menurut agama atau berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh di hadapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat atau Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Jika MPR atau DPR tidak bisa mengadakan sidang, maka Presiden dan Wakil Presiden terpilih bersumpah menurut agama atau berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh di hadapan pimpinan MPR dengan disaksikan oleh pimpinan Mahkamah Agung.
Sumpah Presiden (Wakil Presiden) :
"Demi Allah saya bersumpah akan memenuhi kewajiban Presiden Republik Indonesia (Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadil-adilnya, memegang teguh Undang-Undang Dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada Nusa dan Bangsa."
Janji Presiden (Wakil Presiden) :
"Saya berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh akan memenuhi kewajiban Presiden Republik Indonesia (Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadil-adilnya, memegang teguh Undang-Undang Dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada Nusa dan Bangsa."

[sunting] Pemberhentian

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Pemakzulan

Usul pemberhentian Presiden/Wakil Presiden dapat diajukan oleh DPR.
Apabila DPR berpendapat bahwa Presiden/Wakil Presiden telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum atau tidak lagi memenuhi syarat sebagai Presiden/Wakil Presiden (dalam rangka pelaksanaan fungsi pengawasan DPR), DPR dapat mengajukan permintaan kepada Mahkamah Konstitusi, jika mendapat dukungan sekurang-kurangnya 2/3 dari jumlah anggota yang hadir dalam sidang paripurna yang dihadiri sekurang-kurangnya 2/3 dari jumlah anggota.
Jika terbukti menurut UUD 1945 pasal 7A maka DPR dapat mengajukan tuntutan impeachment tersebut kepada Mahkamah Konstitusi RI kemudian setelah menjalankan persidangan dalam amar putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI dapat menyatakan membenarkan pendapat DPR atau menyatakan menolak pendapat DPR. ^[2] dan MPR-RI kemudian akan bersidang untuk melaksanakan keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI tersebut.

[sunting] Lihat pula

Wikisource memiliki naskah sumber yang berkaitan dengan Mekanisme Impeachment & Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi

• Kementerian Indonesia
• Daftar kabinet Indonesia
• Daftar Perdana Menteri Indonesia
• Daftar Presiden Indonesia
• Daftar Wakil Presiden Indonesia
• Sejarah Lembaga Kepresidenan Indonesia
• Tim Dokter Kepresidenan RI